(Mandarin_(China)_MFA_dictionary_v3_0_0)= # Mandarin (China) MFA dictionary v3.0.0 ``````{dictionary} Mandarin (China) MFA dictionary v3.0.0 :id: "Mandarin (China) MFA dictionary v3_0_0" :tags: Mandarin;MFA;IPA :language: "Mandarin" :dialect: China :layout: mfa :template: dictionary_template :phoneset: "MFA" :license: "CC BY 4.0" ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/mandarin/china_mfa/v3.0.0/README.md :start-after: "## Dictionary details" :end-before: "## Installation" ``` ```{admonition} G2P models * {ref}`mandarin_(china)_mfa_g2p_model_v3_0_0` ``` `````` ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/mandarin/china_mfa/v3.0.0/README.md :start-after: "new)." ``` ## IPA Charts ### Consonants Obstruent symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced. ``````{list-table} :header-rows: 1 :stub-columns: 1 :class: consonant_chart table-striped table-bordered * - Manner - Labial - Labiodental - Alveolar - Retroflex - Palatal - Velar - Glottal * - {manner}`Nasal` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * m * Occurrences: 5447 * Examples * 给面子: [k ej˨˩˦ m j e˥˩ n ts z̩˩] * 马尔代夫: [m a˨˩˦ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ t aj˥˩ f u˥] * 墨尔本: [m w o˥˩ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ p ə˨˩˦ n] * 实作忙: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ ts w o˥˩ m a˧˥ ŋ] * mʲ * Occurrences: 1578 * Examples * 米高逃走: [mʲ i˨˩˦ k aw˥ j aw˧˥ ts ow˨˩˦] * 投寄明: [tʰ ow˧˥ tɕ i˥˩ mʲ i˧˥ ŋ] * 民族性: [mʲ i˧˥ n ts u˧˥ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ] * 玉米麵: [y˥˩ mʲ i˨˩˦ m j e˥˩ n] * m̩ * Occurrences: 3 * Examples ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * n * Occurrences: 38333 * Examples * 教职员们: [tɕ aw˥˩ ʈʂ ʐ̩˧˥ ɥ e˧˥ n m ə˧ n] * 四十四年: [s z̩˥˩ ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ s z̩˥˩ n j e˧˥ n] * 朱诺之一: [ʈʂ u˥ n w o˥˩ ʈʂ ʐ̩˥ i˥] * 鄱阳县: [pʰ w o˧˥ j a˧˥ ŋ ɕ e˥˩ n] * n̩ * Occurrences: 4 * Examples ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ɲ * Occurrences: 1581 * Examples * 爱沙尼亚人: [ʔ aj˥˩ ʂ a˥ ɲ i˧˥ j a˨˩˦ ʐ ə˧˥ n] * 霓虹灯: [ɲ i˧˥ xʷ u˧˥ ŋ t o˥ ŋ] * 林依晨: [ʎ i˧˥ ɲ i˥ ʈʂʰ ə˧˥ n] * 尼西亚: [ɲ i˧˥ ɕ i˥ j a˥˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ŋ * Occurrences: 32069 * Examples * 太子町: [tʰ aj˥˩ ts z̩˨˩˦ tʲ i˥ ŋ] * 堅定不移: [tɕ e˥ n tʲ i˥˩ ŋ pʷ u˥˩ i˧˥] * 平山鬱夫: [pʲ i˧˥ ŋ ʂ a˥ ɲ y˥˩ f u˥] * 东南亚: [tʷ u˥ ŋ n a˧˥ n j a˥˩] * ŋ̍ * Occurrences: 5 * Examples ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Stop` {submanner}`Plain` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * p * Occurrences: 5779 * Examples * 哈利波: [x a˥ ʎ i˥˩ p w o˥] * 奥德贝尔: [ʔ aw˥˩ t o˧˥ p ej˥˩ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ] * 圣吕班: [ʂ o˥˩ ŋ ʎ y˨˩˦ p a˥ n] * 苯甲酸: [p ə˨˩˦ n tɕ a˨˩˦ s w a˥ n] * pʲ * Occurrences: 2343 * Examples * 畢業自: [pʲ i˥˩ j e˥˩ ts z̩˥˩] * 招聘会: [ʈʂ aw˥ pʲ i˥˩ ŋ xʷ ej˥˩] * 贫民窟: [pʲ i˧˥ n mʲ i˧˥ n kʷ u˥] * 改兵部: [k aj˨˩˦ pʲ i˥ ŋ pʷ u˥˩] * pʷ * Occurrences: 1968 * Examples * 普宁市: [pʷ u˨˩˦ ɲ i˧˥ ŋ ʂ ʐ̩˥˩] * 阿布鲁佐: [ʔ a˥ pʷ u˥˩ l u˨˩˦ ts w o˨˩˦] * 妙不可言: [m j aw˥˩ pʷ u˥˩ kʰ o˨˩˦ j e˧˥ n] * 候补县: [x ow˥˩ pʷ u˨˩˦ ɕ e˥˩ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * t * Occurrences: 7632 * Examples * 几点钟: [tɕ i˨˩˦ t j e˨˩˦ n ʈʂ u˥ ŋ] * 别动队: [p j e˧˥ tʷ u˥˩ ŋ t w ej˥˩] * 篮球队: [l a˧˥ n tɕʰ ow˧˥ t w ej˥˩] * 优缺点: [j ow˥ tɕʷ e˥ t j e˨˩˦ n] * tʲ * Occurrences: 2690 * Examples * 救生艇: [tɕ ow˥˩ ʂ o˥ ŋ tʲ i˨˩˦ ŋ] * 尽收眼底: [tɕ i˥˩ n ʂ ow˥ j e˨˩˦ n tʲ i˨˩˦] * 蒂罗尔州: [tʲ i˥˩ l w o˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ ʈʂ ow˥] * 丁岩礁: [tʲ i˥ ŋ j e˧˥ n tɕ aw˥] * tʷ * Occurrences: 2851 * Examples * 读者群: [tʷ u˧˥ ʈʂ o˨˩˦ tɕʰ y˧˥ n] * 超高度: [ʈʂʰ aw˥ k aw˥ tʷ u˥˩] * 北关东: [p ej˨˩˦ k w a˥ n tʷ u˥ ŋ] * 东半部: [tʷ u˥ ŋ p a˥˩ n pʷ u˥˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * k * Occurrences: 5766 * Examples * 关牧村: [k w a˥ n m u˥˩ tsʰ w ə˥ n] * 嵩景官: [s u˥ ŋ tɕ i˨˩˦ ŋ k w a˥ n] * 文化馆: [w ə˧˥ n xʷ a˥˩ k w a˨˩˦ n] * 馆藏量: [k w a˨˩˦ n tsʰ a˧˥ ŋ l j a˥˩ ŋ] * kʷ * Occurrences: 2225 * Examples * 游泳裤: [j ow˧˥ j u˨˩˦ ŋ kʷ u˥˩] * 母公司: [m u˨˩˦ kʷ u˥ ŋ s z̩˥] * 古时候: [kʷ u˨˩˦ ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ x ow˥˩] * 鹿谷乡: [l u˥˩ kʷ u˨˩˦ ɕ a˥ ŋ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ʔ * Occurrences: 4645 * Examples * 成交额: [ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ tɕ aw˥ ʔ o˧˥] * 王安明: [w a˧˥ ŋ ʔ a˥ n mʲ i˧˥ ŋ] * 灰原哀: [xʷ ej˥ ɥ e˧˥ n ʔ aj˥] * 特里尔: [tʰ o˥˩ ʎ i˨˩˦ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ] ``` * - {submanner}`Aspirated` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * pʰ * Occurrences: 2184 * Examples * 保守派: [p aw˨˩˦ ʂ ow˨˩˦ pʰ aj˥˩] * 培训班: [pʰ ej˧˥ ɕ y˥˩ n p a˥ n] * 配音员: [pʰ ej˥˩ i˥ n ɥ e˧˥ n] * 什叶派: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ j e˥˩ pʰ aj˥˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tʰ * Occurrences: 5111 * Examples * 马普托河: [m a˨˩˦ pʷ u˨˩˦ tʰ w o˥ x o˧˥] * 步兵团: [pʷ u˥˩ pʲ i˥ ŋ tʰ w a˧˥ n] * 斯特雷门虾: [s z̩˥ tʰ o˥˩ l ej˧˥ m ə˧˥ n ɕ a˥] * 鳍天竺: [tɕʰ i˧˥ tʰ j e˥ n ʈʂ u˧˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * kʰ * Occurrences: 4720 * Examples * 昆士兰: [kʰ w ə˥ n ʂ ʐ̩˥˩ l a˧˥ n] * take: [tʰ a˧˥ kʰ ə˩] * 迪卡兵: [tʲ i˧˥ kʰ a˨˩˦ pʲ i˥ ŋ] * 多纳扎克: [t w o˥ n a˥˩ ʈʂ a˥ kʰ o˥˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Affricate` {submanner}`Plain` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ts * Occurrences: 4249 * Examples * 沟帮子镇: [k ow˥ p a˥ ŋ ts z̩˩ ʈʂ ə˥˩ n] * 布依族: [pʷ u˥˩ i˥ ts u˧˥] * 王子轩: [w a˧˥ ŋ ts z̩˨˩˦ ɕʷ e˥ n] * 自由化: [ts z̩˥˩ j ow˧˥ xʷ a˥˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ʈʂ * Occurrences: 10094 * Examples * 强迫症: [tɕʰ a˨˩˦ ŋ pʰ w o˥˩ ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ] * 三灶镇: [s a˥ n s aw˥˩ ʈʂ ə˥˩ n] * 计算长: [tɕ i˥˩ s w a˥˩ n ʈʂ a˨˩˦ ŋ] * 至本机: [ʈʂ ʐ̩˥˩ p ə˨˩˦ n tɕ i˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tɕ * Occurrences: 12266 * Examples * 农机具: [n u˧˥ ŋ tɕ i˥ tɕ y˥˩] * 转向架: [ʈʂ w a˨˩˦ n ɕ a˥˩ ŋ tɕ a˥˩] * 蒋大为: [tɕ a˨˩˦ ŋ t a˥˩ w ej˥˩] * 吉林市: [tɕ i˧˥ ʎ i˧˥ n ʂ ʐ̩˥˩] * tɕʷ * Occurrences: 1023 * Examples * 半决赛: [p a˥˩ n tɕʷ e˧˥ s aj˥˩] * 文化圈: [w ə˧˥ n xʷ a˥˩ tɕʷ e˥ n] * 产权局: [ʈʂʰ a˨˩˦ n tɕʷ e˧˥ n tɕ y˧˥] * 温泉县: [w ə˥ n tɕʷ e˧˥ n ɕ e˥˩ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Aspirated` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tsʰ * Occurrences: 2534 * Examples * 翡翠台: [f ej˨˩˦ tsʰ w ej˥˩ tʰ aj˧˥] * 没错儿: [m ej˧˥ tsʰ w o˥˩ ɻ] * 红磡邨: [xʷ u˧˥ ŋ kʰ a˥˩ n tsʰ w ə˥ n] * 从头再来: [tsʰ u˧˥ ŋ tʰ ow˧˥ ts aj˥˩ l aj˧˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ʈʂʰ * Occurrences: 6285 * Examples * 持有者: [ʈʂʰ ʐ̩˧˥ j ow˨˩˦ ʈʂ o˨˩˦] * 葛西城: [k o˧˥ ɕ i˥ ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ] * 栾川县: [l w a˧˥ n ʈʂʰ w a˥ n ɕ e˥˩ n] * 张候车: [ʈʂ a˥ ŋ x ow˥˩ ʈʂʰ o˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tɕʰ * Occurrences: 5933 * Examples * 勇往直前: [j u˨˩˦ ŋ w a˨˩˦ ŋ ʈʂ ʐ̩˧˥ tɕʰ e˧˥ n] * 爱奇艺: [ʔ aj˥˩ tɕʰ i˧˥ i˥˩] * 任丘市: [ʐ ə˧˥ n tɕʰ ow˥ ʂ ʐ̩˥˩] * 河西区: [x o˧˥ ɕ i˥ tɕʰ y˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Sibilant` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * s * Occurrences: 5280 * Examples * 分组赛: [f ə˥ n ts u˨˩˦ s aj˥˩] * 宋神宗: [s u˥˩ ŋ ʂ ə˧˥ n ts u˥ ŋ] * 红土赛季: [xʷ u˧˥ ŋ tʷ u˨˩˦ s aj˥˩ tɕ i˥˩] * 戈斯索: [k o˥ s z̩˥ s w o˨˩˦] * voiced * z * Occurrences: 0 * Examples * z̩ * Occurrences: 3987 * Examples * sim: [ʔ aj˧˥ s z̩˧ ʔ m] * 茨城县: [tsʰ z̩˧˥ ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ ɕ e˥˩ n] * 钉子户: [tʲ i˥ ŋ ts z̩˩ xʷ u˥˩] * 百子湾: [p aj˨˩˦ ts z̩˨˩˦ w a˥ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ʂ * Occurrences: 12091 * Examples * 乐松山: [l o˥˩ s u˥ ŋ ʂ a˥ n] * 实实在在: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ ts aj˥˩ ts aj˥˩] * 李科鼠: [ʎ i˨˩˦ kʰ o˥ ʂ u˨˩˦] * 城市化: [ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ ʂ ʐ̩˥˩ xʷ a˥˩] * voiced * ʐ * Occurrences: 2751 * Examples * 张瑞妍: [ʈʂ a˥ ŋ ʐ w ej˥˩ j e˧˥ n] * 奠基人: [t j e˥˩ n tɕ i˥ ʐ ə˧˥ n] * 容中爾甲: [ʐ u˧˥ ŋ ʈʂ u˥ ŋ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ a˨˩˦] * 强人所难: [tɕʰ a˨˩˦ ŋ ʐ ə˧˥ n s w o˨˩˦ n a˧˥ n] * ʐ̩ * Occurrences: 6924 * Examples * 知识分子: [ʈʂ ʐ̩˥ ʂ ʐ̩˩ f ə˥˩ n ts z̩˨˩˦] * 没事儿: [m ej˧˥ ʂ ʐ̩ ə˥˩ ɻ] * 支付币: [ʈʂ ʐ̩˥ f u˥˩ pʲ i˥˩] * 蓄电池: [ɕ y˥˩ t j e˥˩ n ʈʂʰ ʐ̩˧˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ɕ * Occurrences: 10724 * Examples * 知识性: [ʈʂ ʐ̩˥ ʂ ʐ̩˩ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ] * 训练营: [ɕ y˥˩ n l j e˥˩ ɲ i˧˥ ŋ] * 小型化: [ɕ aw˨˩˦ ɕ i˧˥ ŋ xʷ a˥˩] * 大大小小: [t a˥˩ t a˥˩ ɕ aw˨˩˦ ɕ aw˨˩˦] * ɕʷ * Occurrences: 1097 * Examples * 候选人: [x ow˥˩ ɕʷ e˨˩˦ n ʐ ə˧˥ n] * 西雪梨: [ɕ i˥ ɕʷ e˨˩˦ ʎ i˧˥] * 商学院: [ʂ a˥ ŋ ɕʷ e˧˥ ɥ e˥˩ n] * 高血压: [k aw˥ ɕʷ e˨˩˦ j a˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Fricative` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * f * Occurrences: 6125 * Examples * 西南方: [ɕ i˥ n a˧˥ n f a˥ ŋ] * 解放碑: [tɕ e˨˩˦ f a˥˩ ŋ p ej˥] * 肺水肿: [f ej˥˩ ʂ w ej˨˩˦ ʈʂ u˨˩˦ ŋ] * 克里斯托弗: [kʰ o˥˩ ʎ i˨˩˦ s z̩˥ tʰ w o˥ f u˧˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Approximant` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * w * Occurrences: 18807 * Examples * 法国人: [f a˥˩ k w o˧˥ ʐ ə˧˥ n] * 清水河: [tɕʰ i˥ ŋ ʂ w ej˨˩˦ x o˧˥] * 文学社: [w ə˧˥ n ɕʷ e˧˥ ʂ o˥˩] * 歌剧团: [k o˥ tɕ y˥˩ tʰ w a˧˥ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ɻ * Occurrences: 2072 * Examples * 后藤圭二: [x ow˥˩ tʰ o˧˥ ŋ k w ej˥ ʔ o˥˩ ɻ] * 塞尔维亚: [s aj˥˩ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ w ej˧˥ j a˨˩˦] * 阿尔泰牧居: [ʔ a˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tʰ aj˥˩ m u˥˩ tɕ y˥] * 贝尔法斯特: [p ej˥˩ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ f a˨˩˦ s z̩˥ tʰ o˥˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * j * Occurrences: 13129 * Examples * 黄顶夜: [xʷ a˧˥ ŋ tʲ i˨˩˦ ŋ j e˥˩] * sony: [s n j] * 抛物面: [pʰ aw˥ u˥˩ m j e˥˩ n] * 塞尔维亚人: [s aj˥˩ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ w ej˧˥ j a˨˩˦ ʐ ə˧˥ n] * ɥ * Occurrences: 1882 * Examples * 发源于: [f a˥ ɥ e˧˥ ɲ y˧˥] * 许耀元: [ɕ y˨˩˦ j aw˥˩ ɥ e˧˥ n] * 管弦乐团: [k w a˨˩˦ n ɕ e˧˥ n ɥ e˥˩ tʰ w a˧˥ n] * 农科院: [n u˧˥ ŋ kʰ o˥ ɥ e˥˩ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Lateral` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * l * Occurrences: 8620 * Examples * 重量级: [ʈʂ u˥˩ ŋ l j a˥˩ ŋ tɕ i˧˥] * 格列布大公: [k o˧˥ l j e˥˩ pʷ u˥˩ t a˥˩ kʷ u˥ ŋ] * 上永路: [ʂ a˥˩ ŋ j u˨˩˦ ŋ l u˥˩] * 离哈维拉: [ʎ i˧˥ x a˥ w ej˧˥ l a˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ʎ * Occurrences: 4258 * Examples * 黎巴嫩: [ʎ i˧˥ p a˥ n ə˥˩ n] * 谢里特: [ɕ e˥˩ ʎ i˨˩˦ tʰ o˥˩] * 的黎波里: [tʲ i˥ ʎ i˧˥ p w o˥ ʎ i˨˩˦] * 立图书馆: [ʎ i˥˩ tʷ u˧˥ ʂ u˥ k w a˨˩˦ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` `````` ### Vowels Vowel symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unrounded and those to the right are rounded. ``````{list-table} :header-rows: 1 :stub-columns: 1 :class: vowel_chart table-striped table-bordered * - - Front - Near-Front - Central - Near-Back - Back * - Close - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * i * Occurrences: 27194 * Examples * 不稳定性: [pʷ u˥˩ w ə˨˩˦ n tʲ i˥˩ ŋ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ] * 休息站: [ɕ ow˥ ɕ i˩ ʈʂ a˥˩ n] * 乌力吉: [u˥ ʎ i˥˩ tɕ i˧˥] * 可以攻玉: [kʰ o˨˩˦ i˨˩˦ kʷ u˥ ŋ y˥˩] * rounded * y * Occurrences: 5857 * Examples * 国空军: [k w o˧˥ kʷ u˥ ŋ tɕ y˥ n] * 教育观: [tɕ aw˥˩ y˥˩ k w a˥ n] * 密度区: [mʲ i˥˩ tʷ u˥˩ tɕʰ y˩] * 朱振宇: [ʈʂ u˥ ʈʂ ə˥˩ ɲ y˨˩˦] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * rounded * u * Occurrences: 21882 * Examples * 一贫如洗: [i˥ pʲ i˧˥ n ʐ u˧˥ ɕ i˨˩˦] * 葫芦岛市: [xʷ u˧˥ l u˧ t aw˨˩˦ ʂ ʐ̩˥˩] * 瞧不起: [tɕʰ aw˧˥ pʷ u˧ tɕʰ i˨˩˦] * 乌兰察布: [u˥ l a˧˥ n ʈʂʰ a˧˥ pʷ u˥˩] ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Close-Mid - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * e * Occurrences: 16354 * Examples * 特许权: [tʰ o˥˩ ɕ y˨˩˦ tɕʷ e˧˥ n] * 愈演愈烈: [y˥˩ j e˨˩˦ ɲ y˥˩ l j e˥˩] * 心血管: [ɕ i˥ n ɕʷ e˥˩ k w a˨˩˦ n] * 点点滴滴: [t j e˨˩˦ n t j e˨˩˦ n tʲ i˥ tʲ i˥] * ej * Occurrences: 8828 * Examples * 物美价廉: [u˥˩ m ej˨˩˦ tɕ a˥˩ l j e˧˥ n] * 莫洛泽维奇: [m w o˥˩ l w o˥˩ ts o˧˥ w ej˧˥ tɕʰ i˧˥] * 林妹妹: [ʎ i˧˥ n m ej˥˩ m ej˩] * 指挥部: [ʈʂ ʐ̩˨˩˦ xʷ ej˥ pʷ u˥˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * rounded * o * Occurrences: 22690 * Examples * 独裁主义者: [tʷ u˧˥ tsʰ aj˧˥ ʈʂ u˨˩˦ i˥˩ ʈʂ o˨˩˦] * too: [tʷ u˨˩˦ o˩] * 结核病: [tɕ e˧˥ x o˧˥ pʲ i˥˩ ŋ] * soso: [s s o˩] * ow * Occurrences: 7185 * Examples * 交朋友: [tɕ aw˥ pʰ o˧˥ ŋ j ow˧] * 沙河口区: [ʂ a˥ x o˧˥ kʰ ow˨˩˦ tɕʰ y˥] * 游行者: [j ow˧˥ ɕ i˧˥ ŋ ʈʂ o˨˩˦] * 利沃夫州: [ʎ i˥˩ w o˥˩ f u˥ ʈʂ ow˥] ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * ə * Occurrences: 7647 * Examples * 金正恩: [tɕ i˥ n ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ ʔ ə˥ n] * 干什么: [k a˥˩ n ʂ ə˧˥ n m ə˧] * 董存瑞: [tʷ u˨˩˦ ŋ tsʰ w ə˧˥ n ʐ w ej˥˩] * 孩子們: [x aj˧˥ ts z̩˧ m ə˧ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Open-Mid - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Open - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * a * Occurrences: 36372 * Examples * 地方官: [tʲ i˥˩ f a˥ ŋ k w a˥ n] * 大彆山: [t a˥˩ p j e˧˥ ʂ a˥ n] * 石矿场: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ kʰ w a˥˩ ŋ ʈʂʰ a˨˩˦ ŋ] * 亚毛无心: [j a˨˩˦ m aw˧˥ u˧˥ ɕ i˥ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` `````` #### Diphthongs * {ipa_inline}`aj` * {ipa_inline}`aw` * {ipa_inline}`ej` * {ipa_inline}`ow` #### Tones * {ipa_inline}`˥` * {ipa_inline}`˥˩` * {ipa_inline}`˧` * {ipa_inline}`˧˥` * {ipa_inline}`˨˩˦` * {ipa_inline}`˩`